12/12/2009

"Rhythm-A-Ning": A detour / Un desvío

(Para leer el texto en español, pulsa aquí).

Note on audio files: links on names lead to Spotify.


George Gershwin
I wonder if George Gershwin suspected how important "I Got Rhythm" would become when he published it in 1930. Its simple and logical harmonic frame, widely known as "rhythm changes", has provided the scaffolding for thousands of new tunes and improvised solos, and it's been subject to all sorts of re-harmonizations and other musical experiments, generally after severing its two-bar tail at the end of the original chorus (YouTube). Yes, this most famous 32-bar standard is a 34-bar song.

In jazz, one the most popular tunes based on this song is Thelonious Monk's "Rhythm-A-Ning", a classic in jam sessions all around the world, due to its "rhythm changes" and the almost childish simplicity of its melody, with that Monkian touch in the second four bars of the theme.

However, this melody was not created by Monk from scratch. It comes from the early Swing era, and  it has had quite a journey, which is, at least partially, on record, with a couple of detours.

Mary Lou Williams
As far as I know, the first time something with a passing resemblance was recorded, it was played by Lawrence Brown in the opening solo (0:17) on Ellington's "Ducky Wucky" (YouTube) (1932), which is closely followed soon after by Teddy Bunn on "I've Got the World on a String" (YouTube) (1934) as recorded by Red McKenzie's Spirits of Rhythm. The next appearance is more significant, though: It happens in a sort of showcase of riffs put together by Mary Lou Williams for Andy Kirk's orchestra called "Walkin' and Swingin'" (YouTube). This was recorded in 1936, clearly for Kirk's dancing audiences, but it has its quirks, like the second chorus (0:43-1.21), arranged for the sax section with a trumpet lead. Although rhythmically it's 100% Swing (all those eighth notes), there is room for variation (like the bit starting in 0:51).

It's precisely in that second chorus that we can hear eight bars of what any jazz fan today would call "Rhythm-A-Ning" (1:12), although Monk only kept the first four bars. The second four are swinging eighth notes, more fluid and less angular than in Monk's version.

The next instance of this riff, as an independent head, comes from Minton's, 1941 vintage. There, musicians used to call it "Pagin' Dr. Christian" (YouTube) or "Meet Dr. Christian" (it was released as "Down On Teddy's Hill" on record, the riff appears at 2:28), and apparently it was widely used to bookend the improvisations on Gershwin's chord changes. "Dr. Christian" was, of course, guitarist Charlie Christian, at the time in Benny Goodman's payroll. Christian was a regular at the jam sessions at Minton's, where the house band was comprised by Kenny Clarke on drums, Nick Fenton on bass, Joe Guy on trumpet, and a young Thelonious Monk at the piano.

Andy Kirk's was one of the strongest bands to come out of the Midwest, an area where Charlie Christian was already known before he joined Benny Goodman. That, and Christian's friendship with Mary Lou Williams, well-known as a mentor to younger musicians, could be the way this riff got to Minton's and Monk. However, Monk wouldn't record "Rhythm-A-Ning" until 1957, in his LP with Art Blakey for Atlantic. In the meantime, this riff survived in a form more similar to the "original", although less relevant in jazz repertoire.

But first, there are yet more variations: the first bit of the phrase—the two triads—are part of Ray Conniff's "To a Broadway Rose" (YouTube) recorded by Artie Shaw on October 30, 1941, and advertised on Billboard in April 1942. A similar riff appears too on "Taps Miller", a tune normally associated to Count Basie (YouTube), who recorded it in 1944, but also recorded by Georgie Auld (YouTube), a bandmate of Christian's in Benny Goodman's Sextet. Also a "rhythm changes" tune, here the head is only an echo of Mary Lou Williams's riff, although it must be noted that the Harlem connection is still there: there are some doubts about this, but dancer, singer and sometime trumpet player Taps Miller is listed as the drummer in some sessions recorded by Jerry Newman at Monroe's. Still in that vein, in 1948 Charlie Parker recorded his "Steeplechase" (YouTube), while another distant cousin would be "Dandy Lion" (YouTube), as recorded by Woody Herman's Woodchoppers in 1951.

Al Haig
Back to the timeline and the version linked to Charlie Christian and Minton's, it reappears almost verbatim in 1950, recorded by Al Haig as "Opus Caprice" (YouTube). How it got to Haig is not clear, although he used to go to Minton's; it could be there that he first became aware of the tune, or maybe he listened privately to Jerry Newman's recordings, which were not commercially released till 1953 (according to Leo Valdés's discography). Wynton Kelly recorded it too in 1951 as "Opus Caprice" (YouTube) and, still with the same "head", Sonny Stitt did it too in 1952 as "Symphony Hall Swing" (YouTube). Incidentally (or not), Bud Powell snuck the Caprice in one of his recordings right after Haig's.

After Al Haig's version, Thelonious Monk would record his own, which would eventually become the canon to play this riff. In between those studio recordings, there is at least one instance where the Mary Lou Williams/Al Haig version is still in use: John Coltrane paraphrases it while soloing on "Oleo" with Miles Davis at Peacock Alley, in St. Louis, 1957. I say eventually because the heads Monk recorded in 1957 with Blakey (YouTube) and with Gerry Mulligan (YouTube) are not the most popular ones (the one with Mulligan has, of all things, a 16-bar bridge). The first "definitive" recording came the following year, 1958, with Johnny Griffin at the Five Spot (YouTube).

By 1966 Monk's version was already set in stone, and those last four bars of convoluted eighth notes was lost... Or not quite: Clark Terry & Bob Brookmeyer recorded their take on Haig's "Opus Caprice" as "Haig & Haig" (YouTube) (on their album Gingerbread Men for Mainstream, with Terry particularly angelical).



Monk (piano), Charlie Rouse (tenor sax), John Ore (bass), Frankie Dunlop (drums).
Netherlands/Países Bajos, April 15, 1961.


~~~~~~~
Nota sobre los ficheros de audio: los enlaces de los títulos van a Spotify. 

Me pregunto si George Gershwin sabía la que iba a montar cuando publicó "I Got Rhythm" en 1930. Su sencillo y lógico armazón armónico, conocido entre los músicos como "rhythm changes", ha servido de andamiaje para incontables temas nuevos, improvisaciones, rearmonizaciones y todo tipo de perrerías musicales, casi siempre obviando el rabillo de dos compases al final de cada chorus que tiene el original (YouTube). (Efectivamente, el standard de 32 compases más famoso del repertorio en realidad es un tema de 34 compases).

Uno de los temas más populares del repertorio jazzístico armado sobre esta canción es el "Rhythm-A-Ning" de Thelonious Monk, un clásico de las jam sessions de todo el mundo, por la familiaridad de su cadena de acordes y la sencillez casi infantil de su melodía, con ese toque típicamente monkiano en los segundos cuatro compases del tema.

No obstante, esta melodía no la creó Monk de la nada. Su origen se remonta a la época del Swing, y su trayectoria es curiosa y con ramificaciones.

Lawrence Brown
La primera aparición, que yo sepa, y aunque sea de forma poco más que embrionaria, es en el "Ducky Wucky" (YouTube), de 1932, en el solo de Lawrence Brown que abre el tema (0:17), seguida de cerca por el solo del guitarrista Teddy Bunn en "I've Got the World on a String" (YouTube) (1934) con su grupo, The Spirits of Rhythm, acompañando a Red McKenzie. La siguiente aparición es más significativa, no obstante. Se produce en el potaje de riffs que cocinó Mary Lou Williams para la orquesta de Andy Kirk con el título de "Walkin' and Swingin'" (YouTube). Grabado en 1936, es un tema evidentemente diseñado para el baile, aunque no sin sus curiosidades. El segundo chorus (0:43-1.21), por ejemplo, está arreglado para una trompeta más la sección de saxos y, aunque rítmicamente es puro Swing (predominan las corcheas) presenta algún pasaje más sofisticado (0:51).

Precisamente en ese segundo chorus aparece lo que hoy conocemos como "Rhythm-A-Ning" (1:12), en ocho compases de los cuales Monk sólo conservó los cuatro primeros. La segunda mitad de la frase son corcheas swing, rítmicamente menos angulosas que la versión de Monk.

Charlie Christian & Georgie Auld
La siguiente aparición de este riff, ya como tema independiente se produce en Minton's en 1941. Allí los músicos lo conocían como "Pagin' Dr. Christian" (YouTube) ("llamando al Dr. Christian") o "Meet Dr. Christian" ("le presento al Dr. Christian"), y al parecer era uno de los temas recurrentes, como cabecera y cierre de improvisaciones sobre la cadena armónica pergeñada por Gershwin (el riff se puede escuchar en 2:28). El "Dr. Christian" del título era el guitarrista Charlie Christian, entonces en la nómina de Benny Goodman. Christian era habitual en las jams de Minton's, local en el que la banda de la casa la formaban, por aquel entonces, Kenny Clarke a la batería, Nick Fenton al bajo, Joe Guy a la trompeta y un joven Thelonious Monk al piano.

La orquesta de Andy Kirk fue una de las bandas potentes de la región central de EE UU, de donde también procedía Charlie Christian. Ese motivo o la amistad de unía al guitarrista con Mary Lou Williams pueden haber sido las vías de entrada de este tema en Minton's y de que Monk lo conociese. Aun así, Monk no lo grabaría hasta 1957, en su LP con Art Blakey para Atlantic. Entretanto, este riff pervivió de forma más similar a la "original", aunque menos prominente en el repertorio jazzístico.

Pero antes, hay alguna variación más: parte de la frase inicial —las dos tríadas— forman parte del "To a Broadway Rose" (YouTube) de Ray Conniff, grabada por su entonces jefe Artie Shaw el 30 de octubre de 1941 y anunciada en Billboard en abril de 1942. Un riff similar es también el del tema "Taps Miller", tema normalmente asociado a la orquesta de Count Basie (YouTube) (1944), aunque también lo grabó Georgie Auld (YouTube) (ex-compañero de Christian en el sexteto de Benny Goodman, ambos en la imagen superior). También está basado en los acordes de "I Got Rhythm", aunque aquí el tema es similar, no idéntico, al riff de Mary Lou Williams. La conexión con Harlem es débil, pero existe: el tal Taps Miller era un bailarín, cantante y trompetista (de segunda), y aunque existen dudas al respecto, lo cierto es que figura como batería en algunas sesiones grabadas por Jerry Newman en Monroe's. En esa misma onda, en 1948 Charlie Parker grabó su "Steeplechase" (YouTube), mientras que otro  pariente lejano sería "Dandy Lion" (YouTube), grabado por los Woodchoppers de Woody Herman en 1951.

En orden cronológico, y volviendo a la versión de Minton's acuñada por Charlie Christian, ésta reaparece casi literalmente en 1950 de la mano de Al Haig, con el título "Opus Caprice" (YouTube). No está claro cómo llegó a oídos de Haig, pero al parecer éste solía ir por Minton's, por lo que es posible que la oyese de primera mano allí, o que hubiera tenido acceso de alguna forma a las grabaciones realizadas por Jerry Newman, inéditas hasta 1953, según la discografía de Leo Valdés. En 1951 la grabó Wynton Kelly también como "Opus Caprice" (YouTube) y, siguiendo la misma melodía de cabecera, Sonny Stitt en 1952, como "Symphony Hall Swing" (YouTube). Casualmente (o no), Bud Powell cita "Opus Caprice" en una de sus grabaciones poco después de la de Haig.

Tras esa versión de Al Haig, Thelonious Monk grabaría la suya, que a la postre se convertiría en la canónica dentro del repertorio del jazz. Antes de que Monk la hiciera suya, parece que el canon Mary Lou Williams/Al Haig se mantenía en el imaginario: John Coltrane la parafrasea en su solo en "Oleo" con Miles Davis en el Peacock Alley de St. Louis, en 1957. De la versión de Monk decía a la postre, porque la versión con Blakey (YouTube) no es la más popular, como tampoco lo es la que grabó con Gerry Mulligan (YouTube) (que además tiene, cosa rara, un puente de 16 compases). Esas dos son de 1957, mientras que la "definitiva" es del año siguiente, de 1958, con Johnny Griffin en el Five Spot (YouTube).

Para 1966 "Rhythm-A-Ning" era exclusivamente la versión de Monk, grabada en piedra en el imaginario jazzístico, con esos cuatro compases de corcheas onduladas perdidos para siempre... o no tanto. En ese mismo año, Clark Terry & Bob Brookmeyer grabaron su versión del "Opus Caprice" de Haig como "Haig & Haig" (YouTube) (en su LP Gingerbread Men para el sello Mainstream, en el que Terry suena particularmente angelical).

4 comments:

Agustín Pérez said...

Fascinante viaje por los orígenes, entrañas y recovecos de "Rhythm-A-Ning", maestro.

Abrazontes,
A

"Jazz Lives" @ WordPress.com said...

Exquisite detective work, Fernando! Milt Hinton once said that something was as quiet "as a mouse peeing on cotton." I award you The Golden Mouse for your acute hearing and your astute reasoning. However, you also know (from listening to live music) that certain riffs and variations are "in the air," parts of an evolving common language. It's almost like tracing the outbreak of a contagious disease: we know that all the musicians in the Thirties listened to Ellington recordings, so that's the recorded / documented first occurrence. Is it too Louis-centric of me to point out that Lawrence Brown played in his band, and that I GOT RHYTHM would have been a new tune in 1930? I have no evidence, but it pleases me. As does your elegant and thorough survey. Cheers! Michael Steinman

Fernando Ortiz de Urbina said...

Hi Michael,

Thanks for the nice comments. I agree re: "in the air" riffs. I wasn't trying to establish the author of the riff, that, like many other things, we'll never know (most probably). The main part of this riff is a I chord triad followed by a IV chord triad, so it's pretty basic. Actually, the Ducky Wucky bit is not so relevant for the story as, for instance, the MLW-CC-Monk connection, which I think it's quite clear.

What's intriguing to me is how Al Haig used the Minton's riff almost verbatim a few years after the fact (Mark Gardner told me it was likely he heard it there), and also how Monk, many more years later used it and made it more "monkian".

As for other "in the air" riffs, the sources can be surprising. For instance, Horace Silver's "Opus de Funk" appears in one of Bird's 1940 recordings, and it's impossible Silver could have heard when he waxed it. So it was probably in the air too.

I have my own theory for the origin of that riff, and it's as funny/ridiculous as anything you could think of. "Light" classical music and instrumental practice books are a source to bear in mind.

Best,

Fernando

Mark B. said...

Wynton Kelly recorded Opus Caprice in 1951 as well.